From Fleet to Grid: A Reality-Checked State-Level Rollout Framework for Energy-Generating Public Transport

This framework outlines a practical, state-level rollout plan to transform electric public transport fleets (buses, trams, and intercity vehicles) into net energy-contributing infrastructure. It combines proven technologies—regenerative braking, onboard energy buffering, limited wind-assisted scavenging, and depot-level bidirectional grid integration—into a phased deployment that is financially conservative, operationally realistic, and administratively feasible.