Super-Linear Confinement and the Proton Spin Budget from Variable Vacuum Stiffness
Abstract
A non-perturbative effective field theory for Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) based on a “StiffVacuum” hypothesis is proposed. We posit that the vacuum stiffness is not a fixed global constant,but a dynamical order parameter β(x) governed by the number-theoretic topology of the gauge fieldlattice. In the infrared confinement regime, we derive the expectation value βQCD ≈ 1.91 from theasymptotic density of primitive orbits in the vacuum lattice, given by 1/ζ(2). Incorporating thisstiffness into a modified flux-tube action yields a super-linear confinement potential V (r) ∝ r1.91. Weapply this framework to the “Proton Spin Crisis,” deriving a quark spin fraction of Σ = (1 + β)−1 ≈0.343, in agreement with EMC/COMPASS measurements (Σ ≈ 0.33). Furthermore, we predict thenucleon mass splitting using geometric invariants, yielding a proton mass of Mp ≈ 967 MeV (a ≈ 3%deviation from experiment).
Fields of Study & Subjects
Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 10 February 2026
- Language
- EN
- Document type
- Preprint