The Inevitability of Uniqueness
Abstract
Formal proof of the Law of Identity Divergence: for any two distinct instantiations of an open stochastic system with independent private perturbations, persistent behavioral identity has probability zero. This result complements quantum uniqueness (Sych & Leuchs, 2015) by establishing that classical open systems also cannot maintain identical behavior. Includes Lean 4 mechanized proof and empirical validation via NCD-based distinguishability scoring.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Quantum Information and Cryptography
Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 11 February 2026
- Language
- EN
- Document type
- Preprint