Physical and Physiological Changes in Seeds during Storage

Seeds are metabolically quiescent yet biologically active structures that undergo continuous physical and physiological alterations during storage, ultimately influencing their longevity and planting value. Seed longevity is defined by the duration for which seeds retain viability and vigour under specific storage conditions (Nadarajan et al.,2023). During storage, progressive seed ageing results in deterioration characterized by loss of membrane integrity, enhanced lipid peroxidation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decline in antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced metabolic efficiency, and impairment of cellular and genetic components (Malik et al., 2013). These changes are strongly regulated by intrinsic factors such as seed structure, chemical composition, hormonal balance, and genetic makeup, as well as extrinsic factors including temperature, relative humidity, and seed moisture content (Shelar et al., 2008). The seminar highlights the developmental acquisition of desiccation tolerance and protective mechanisms during seed maturation, followed by physiological decline during ageing. Strategies to enhance seed longevity, such as optimized harvest at physiological maturity, moisture regulation, low-temperature storage, improved packaging systems, and application of seed treatments, are discussed. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying seed ageing is essential for improving seed storage practices, maintaining seed quality, and ensuring sustainable crop production.