Screen Time Impact on Human Health: A Comprehensive Review

The rapid growth of digital technology has led to an incredible upsurge in the amount of time dedicated to screens by every demographic, raising increasing concern about its adverse impact on human health. Screens used in phones, tablets, desktops, and televisions have become routine tools facilitating work, education, and entertainment. Despite the numerous benefits of digital media, excessive screen exposure has been associated with behavioural, psychological, and physical health concerns. This review aims to evaluate and synthesise existing literature on the impact of screen time on physical health, mental well-being, sleep patterns, attention span, and cognitive development across different age groups. Long-term screen exposure has been linked to metabolic alterations, obesity, musculoskeletal exhaustion, and sedentary behaviour. Visual consequences such as myopia and digital eye strain are frequently reported with prolonged screen use. Screen exposure, particularly during evening hours, disrupts sleep quality and circadian rhythm by inhibiting melatonin synthesis. Excessive screen time has also been associated with increased risks of anxiety, depression, behavioural addiction, reduced concentration, and delayed language and cognitive development, especially among children and adolescents. The duration, timing, and type of screen exposure play a critical role in determining health outcomes. While digital technology offers substantial advantages, excessive and unregulated screen use poses significant health risks. Promoting moderation, awareness of screen habits, and appropriate preventive strategies is essential to minimise adverse health effects while preserving the benefits of digital technology. Relevant studies published between 2000 and 2025 were identified from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.