Isep — Índice de Separação de Poderes: Formalização Algébrica do Equilíbrio entre Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário

The Separation of Powers Index (Isep) is a quantitative framework proposed to measure the institutional balance between Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches in constitutional democracies. The index is based on an entropic functional that evaluates the distribution of effective institutional influence among the three powers, using observable actions such as legislative production, executive initiatives, and judicial decisions with systemic impact. The methodology converts institutional observables into comparable weighted impacts, normalizes their relative participation, and applies an entropy-based measure to quantify the degree of power distribution. Higher values indicate greater balance among institutional functions, while lower values indicate concentration of decision-making capacity in a single branch. The framework allows historical comparison across political regimes and provides a continuous metric capable of detecting structural asymmetries before institutional crises emerge. This work is grounded in the algebraic formalization of social systems (Luhmann–Maury framework), treating political institutions as interacting functional subsystems whose stability depends on the distribution of decision-making processes. The proposed index is intended as an analytical and empirical tool for political science, constitutional analysis, and systems theory research.