Gastric Adenocarcinoma: The Use of Animal Models to Research Risk Factors, Prevention, and Treatment Approaches

Notwithstanding recent epidemiological shifts, gastric cancer continues to rank as the second leading cause of cancer-related death globally. The elimination of Helicobacter pylori, better nutrition, and improved cleanliness have all been linked to a consistent drop in incidence; these factors taken together make up a significant portion of primary prevention. The public health issue of stomach cancer remains serious, however. For early detection and chemoprevention, high-risk individuals should have targeted screening. Although more advancements in diagnostic and preventive techniques are required, surgical resection combined with standardized lymphadenectomy continues to be the gold standard in treatment. Numerous experimental animal models have been created in order to study the clinical, molecular, and biochemical pathways of stomach carcinogenesis. Rats and mice are frequently exposed to chemical carcinogens such N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Furthermore, the Mongolian gerbil model, which is infected with H. pylori and treated with a carcinogen, has been particularly useful in clarifying the fundamental mechanisms of stomach tumor growth. Key elements of gastric cancer, such as epidemiology, risk factors, categorization, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and the use of animal models in research, are outlined in this study. Combining experimental results with clinical developments should yield new information for stomach cancer early identification, successful prevention, and better treatment results.