Calea phyllolepis Baker

Calea phyllolepis Baker Figs 2I, 6B, D, F, 7 Calea phyllolepis Baker (Baker 1884: 260–261). Type material BRAZIL – Rio Grande do Sul • s.loc.; fl., fr.; F.Sellow s.n.; V.R. Bueno det. 2023; neotype: K [000323167], designated by Bueno et al. 2025b. Selected material examined BRAZIL – Rio Grande do Sul • Cambará do Sul, Serra do Faxinal, RS-427 próximo a divisa com Praia Grande; 8 Apr. 2019; fl., fr.; G. Heiden & J.R.V. Iganci 2506; V.R. Bueno det. 2023; ECT [8983], ICN [203057], MBM [431444] • Campo Bom, bairro Mônaco; 19 Jan. 1999; fl., fr.; A. Knob & S.A.L. Bordignon 5884; V.R. Bueno det. 2023; ICN [203058] • Osório, próximo à lagoa do Horácio; 1 Feb. 2020; fl., fr.; V.R. Bueno & P.R. Bueno 113; V.R. Bueno det. 2023; ECT [9544], HUFU [81513], ICN [203011]. – Santa Catarina • Florianópolis, Base Aérea, Ilha de Santa Catarina; 17 Feb. 1975; fl., fr.; L.B. Smith et al. 16153; V.R. Bueno det. 2023; FLOR [6250], US [2825081]. Description Shrubs 0.3–1.5 m tall. Stems cylindrical, striate, generally puberulous or puberulent, rarely sparsely hirsute, non-glandular, castaneous, with internodes 10–27.2(–53) mm long. Leaves decussate or decussate and whorled in the same stem, petiolate, petiole 0.9–3 mm long; blades 1.4–4.95 × 0.75–2.4(–2.55) cm, narrowly ovate, often ovate, sometimes lanceolate, coriaceous, usually discolorous, rarely concolorous, abaxial surface green, adaxial surface dark green, base rounded, apex commonly acute, rarely attenuate, venation acrodromous basal, secondary veins conspicuous; margins generally slightly revolute, sometimes revolute, thin, green, generally oligoserrate or pauciserrate, rarely entire or multiserrate, 1–11(–14) teeth, 0.3–1.5 mm long, commonly along the middle, sometimes base to middle or middle to apex or along the margins; abaxial surface generally glabrous, rarely veins sparsely puberulent, surface adaxial commonly glabrous, rarely margins sparsely scabridulous. Capitulescence cymose dichasiform, slightly branched to branched, axis 0–11.6(–22.85) mm long, 2 nd –3 rd order ramifications, rarely 4 th order, 2–12(–18) secondary stems; peduncle 0.45–8 cm long, commonly densely puberulous, sometimes puberulous, non-glandular. Capitulum heterogamous, radiate; involucre 5–10.3 × 7.7–14.7(–15.9) mm, usually hemispherical, often campanulate. Phyllaries 5-seriate, rarely 6-seriate, margins thin, conspicuously striate; outermost series of phyllaries apex generally obtuse, rarely acute, margins entire, generally flat, rarely slightly revolute, commonly glabrous, rarely glandular-punctate, foliaceous, green; first series 6.5–12.6(–14.4) × 6.1–8.9(– 9.4) mm, usually longer than involucre, sometimes shorter, rarely equal, commonly longer than second series, sometimes shorter, rarely equal, generally suborbiculate, often orbiculate, sometimes ovate to narrowly ovate or elliptic to widely elliptic, 6–10-striate; second series 6.1–11.3(–12.6) × 4.6–8.6(–9) mm, commonly suborbiculate to orbiculate, sometimes widely elliptic to elliptic or very widely oblong to oblong, 8–12-striate; third series 4.3–10.1 × (3.5–)4.1–5.8(–6.2) mm, usually very widely oblong to oblong, often widely ovate to ovate, rarely widely elliptic, apex generally obtuse, sometimes rounded, margins entire, flat, glabrous, commonly scarious, rarely apex foliaceous, generally greenish yellow to yellowish, rarely greenish yellow to green, 8–12-striate; innermost series of phyllaries margins entire, glabrous, scarious, greenish yellow to yellow; fourth series 5.2–11 × 3.2–5.1 mm, generally widely oblong or oblong, sometimes narrowly ovate or elliptic, apex commonly rounded, rarely obtuse, margins ciliate, 12–16-striate; fifth series 8.7–11.2 × 2.3–4.2(–5) mm, widely oblong to narrowly oblong or narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, apex rounded, 10–15-striate; sixth series 10.2–10.6 × 2.6–3.5(–5) mm, narrowly elliptic, apex rounded, 10–14-striate. Receptacle convex, holopaleaceous, paleae 6.5–9.7 × 0.9–1.8 mm long, usually longer than corolla disc, rarely shorter, narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly oblong, apex long acuminate, concave, light yellow. Ray florets 12–18, pistillate, corolla 12.6–18.8 mm long, liguliform, yellow, tube 1.8–3.8 mm long, limb 10.1–14.4 × 3.1–5.1(–5.7) mm, commonly oblanceolate, often narrowly oblong to oblong, sometimes widely oblanceolate, apex bilobed or 3-lobulate, 5–7-veined, abaxial surface glandular-punctate to sparsely punctate, adaxial surface glabrous; style branches 1–1.8mm long, linear, yellow. Disc florets 50–80, monoclinous, corolla 5.1–6.9 mm long, tubular, yellow, tube 1–2.2(–2.7) mm long, lobes (0.7–) 1–1.6 mm long, glabrous; anthers 2.4–3.3 mm long, light yellow, anther appendages apically ovate; style branches 1.2–1.6 mm long, linear, yellow. Cypselae 2.4–3.1 mm long, obconic, nigrescent, ray cypselae 3-angled, disc cypselae 4-angled, glabrous or sparsely pilose, ribs pilose or densely pilose; pappus monotypic, monolength or bilength, free, scales 10–14 (2–3 distinctly longer, when present), mostly 0.7–1.6 mm long, longer 1.3–2.2 mm long (when present), generally oblanceolate or oblong, rarely elliptic, apex commonly obtuse, sometimes acute, margins entire, apex erose. Distribution, habitat and phenology Calea phyllolepis occurs only in the Atlantic Forest from Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina (Fig. 7), this is an occurrence more restricted than previously considered for the species (Pruski 2005). It occurs in humid sites, riverine vegetation, and grasslands associated with rock outcrops. This is the species with the highest altitudinal variation of occurrence in the subgenus, as the specimens occur at elevations from 1–1005 m. Flowering and fruiting specimens were collected from August to May, but with a greater number of collections from November to April, highlighting the months of December, January, and February. Informal conservation status Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii). Calea phyllolepis has an EOO of 36 750.818 km ² and an AOO of 336 km ². While the EOO suggests Near Threatened (NT), the AOO qualifies for Endangered (EN). Due to specimen records from Florianópolis, the EOO extends across much of the state of Santa Catarina, but the species has been found only in the densely populated state capital and on the border with Rio Grande do Sul. After 50 years without being found in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, the species was found again, collected by J. Paula-Souza 14215 (Appendix 1). The populations are fragmented (B condition a). Calea phyllolepis occurs in habitats, which are threatened by agriculture, urbanizations and forestry (Bond & Parr 2010; Andrade et al. 2016), leading to a continuing decline inferred in area of occupancy and habitat quality (B condition b). Thus, we propose that this species should be considered Endangered. Remarks The species that most resembles C. phyllolepis morphologically is C. myrtifolia, these have already been compared. Thus, we will compare here with C. marginata, this is the last species comparison within the Calea myrtifolia group. Calea phyllolepis differs from C. marginata by striate stems (vs corrugate), ovate to lanceolate blade leaf (vs oblong to elliptic), rounded base (vs obtuse), conspicuous secondary veins (vs inconspicuous), thin and olivaceous margins (vs thick and white); commonly wider first series 6.1–8.9 mm wide (2.9–4.4 mm), conspicuously striate first series (vs inconspicuously), foliaceous second series of phyllaries (vs middle or ⅔ scarious), and suborbiculate to widely elliptic of second series (vs obovate to oblanceolate, pandurifom, ovate or oblong).