Study of the Effect of a Localized Magnetic Field on the Flow and Heat Transfer of a Nanofluid in a Channel Equipped with Obstacles of Different Shapes

The study focuses on enhancing heat transfer by combining active and passive methods. To this end, a numerical study is conducted to explore the flow and heat transfer characteristics by forced convection of a Cu-Al₂O₃-TiO₂/water tri-nanofluid in a wavy-walled channel, equipped with three heat sources maintained at a constant temperature Tc. A solid obstacle of various shapes is placed at different positions (inlet, middle, and outlet), while a uniform magnetic field is applied. The governing equations and associated boundary conditions are solved numerically using the Galerkin Weighted Residual Finite Element Method. The results reveal that the opening ratio Rp influences the first heat source and has a significant effect on thermal performance while effectively reducing the pressure drop.