Integrative Phenotypic and Genomic Characterization of Genetic Diversity in Apis mellifera intermissa

The western honey bee “Apis mellifera" exhibits extensive phenotypic and genetic diversity shaped by long-term evolutionary processes and local environmental pressures. This diversity underpins the adaptability, ecological success, and resilience of honey bee populations across contrasting habitats. In North Africa, A. m. intermissa, represents a distinct subspecies characterized by unique morphometric traits, behavioral adaptations, and molecular features that reflect its adaptation to arid and semi-arid environments.This review synthesizes current knowledge on the integrative phenotypic and genomic characterization of A. m. intermissa, emphasizing morphometric variability, geographic differentiation, behavioral ecology, and molecular diversity. Landmark-based geometric morphometric and traditional linear measurements reveal pronounced clinal variation associated with climatic gradients, supporting ecological adaptation. Behavioral traits such as foraging strategies, defensiveness, and reproductive plasticity further illustrate subspecies specialization. At the molecular level, genomic and proteomic studies highlight elevated genetic diversity, enhanced immune responsiveness, thermal tolerance, and detoxification capacity.Together, integrative phenotypic and genomic approaches provide robust tools for subspecies identification, conservation planning, and the preservation of locally adapted honey bee populations. This synthesis underscores the importance of safeguarding A. m. intermissa as a valuable genetic resource for sustainable apiculture under increasing environmental pressures.