A New Ship for Galileo (Part II) - Una nuova nave per Galileo (Parte Seconda)

This work develops Part II of the project A New Ship for Galileo, offering a causal and structural reinterpretation of the main phenomena traditionally attributed to General Relativity: light deflection, Shapiro delay, gravitational lensing, and gravitational waves.The analysis is based on the FG Unification, a theoretical framework in which gravity is interpreted as a real, organized ether flow with a velocity gradient (holophonic gravity), and relativistic effects emerge as structural responses of physical processes—particularly electromagnetic ones—to this flow. A principle identity between matter moving through the ether and ether flowing through matter is introduced, showing that clock slowing, inertial variation, and light propagation can be treated within a unified physical picture, without invoking spacetime curvature as an ontological cause.Light is described as a purely transverse electrodynamical system immersed in a flow gradient, leading to an effective optical index that quantitatively reproduces all observational results of General Relativity, while relying on a different causal chain. The work demonstrates that all experimentally confirmed relativistic results, including LIGO observations of gravitational waves, lie entirely within the predictive domain of FG Unification, clarifying that identity of predictions does not imply identity of causes.The role of covariance is critically examined, arguing that it may remain valid at the macroscopic level as an emergent compensatory effect (IPL), even if the underlying microphysics is structurally non-covariant. FG Unification does not refute Relativity, but repositions it as an effective description of a symmetric regime, restoring an explicit causal arrow to physics and reopening the epistemological distinction between predictive effectiveness and causal understanding, in line with critical insights by Feynman, Wigner, Duhem, Bridgman, Thom, and Weyl.