Human–Wildlife Interactions and Conflict: Understanding Ecological Pressures at the Interface of Environment and Society

Human–wildlife interactions have intensified across the globe due to rapid environmental changes, population growth, and expansion of human activities into natural habitats. While coexistence between humans and wildlife has historically shaped ecosystems, recent transformations have resulted in increased conflict, threatening both biodiversity conservation and human livelihoods. This study explores the patterns, drivers, and consequences of human–wildlife conflict from global and local perspectives.Using secondary data sources, field observations, and case-based analysis, the research highlights how habitat fragmentation, climate variability, agricultural expansion, and socio-economic pressures contribute to escalating conflicts. The findings emphasize that human–wildlife conflict is not solely an ecological issue but a socio-environmental challenge deeply rooted in governance, cultural attitudes, and land-use practices. Sustainable mitigation requires community participation, scientific planning, and policy integration to ensure long-term coexistence between humans and wildlife.