Human–Wildlife Interactions and Conflict: Understanding Ecological Pressures at the Interface of Environment and Society

Environmental degradation, climate change, and accelerating biodiversity loss have intensified the global search for sustainable solutions that extend beyond conventional scientific and technological frameworks. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), developed and transmitted by indigenous and local communities over generations, represents a rich yet underutilized knowledge system for environmental sustainability. Deeply embedded within cultural values, belief systems, and social practices, TEK emphasizes balance, reciprocity, and coexistence between humans and nature. This chapter explores the conceptual foundations of traditional ecological knowledge and examines its role in sustaining cultural identity and ecological resilience. Drawing upon global and local perspectives, the chapter highlights how indigenous wisdom contributes to biodiversity conservation, climate adaptation, and sustainable resource management. Furthermore, it argues for an integrative framework that bridges traditional knowledge systems with modern environmental governance to promote inclusive, resilient, and culturally sustainable pathways for environmental management.