From Swarajya to Self-Reliance: The Economic Ethos of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in the Context of Indian Knowledge Systems

Abstract Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630-1680) exemplified transformative economic governance through his revolutionary concept of Swarajya (self-rule), establishing a sovereign Maratha kingdom amid competing imperial powers in the 17th century. This research examines Shivaji's economic policies through the lens of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), particularly drawing parallels with Kautilya's Arthashastra and principles of Swadeshi. Shivaji's administrative innovations—including the Ryotwari revenue system, promotion of cottage industries, strategic infrastructure development, and balanced trade policies—demonstrate a holistic approach to economic development centered on farmer welfare, agricultural productivity, and local self-sufficiency. By analyzing his governance model within the framework of ancient Indian economic thought, this study reveals how Shivaji anticipated modern sustainable development principles while remaining grounded in traditional Indian epistemology. The research examines secondary sources to argue that Shivaji's economic ethos offers contemporary relevance for policy discussions on inclusive growth, indigenous knowledge integration, and decentralized governance. Furthermore, Shivaji's model of Swarajya and self-reliance demonstrates alignment with contemporary Indian policy frameworks including Atmanirbhar Bharat and IKS integration in National Education Policy 2020.