Cosmic Acceleration from Internal Complexity without Dark Energy: A Non-Equilibrium Unified Theory Approach

The observed accelerated expansion of the universe is conventionally attributed to dark energy, an enigmatic component comprising ∼ 68% of the cosmic energy budget. We propose a paradigm shift where cosmic acceleration emerges naturally from the temporal evolution of internal complexity within a non-equilibrium unified framework. Deriving a fundamental relation between the Hubble parameter H(t) and the complexity parameter D(t), we show that the mathematical structure of our theory constrains D(t) ∝ t, indicating linear growth of cosmic complexity. Our model predicts a monotonic decrease in the Hubble parameter, contrasting with the ΛCDM expectation of constant late-time H(t), while remaining consistent with current observations. This approach eliminates the need for dark energy and offers testable predictions for future cosmological surveys.