Environmental and Human Health Implications of Thermal Power Generation in Baghdad Metropolitan, Iraq

Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, faces a chronic and severe electricity deficit, compelling a heavy reliance on a network of thermal power plants. These facilities, predominantly fueled by natural gas, heavy fuel oil (HFO), and diesel, are critical for meeting the city\\\'s energy demands but are also significant sources of environmental degradation and public health risks. This research paper synthesizes existing scientific literature, governmental reports, and data from international organizations to provide a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted environmental implications of thermal power generation within the Baghdad metropolitan area. The primary impacts examined include severe air pollution from emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), and heavy metals, which exacerbate respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among the population. The paper further explores the consequences of water resource utilization, focusing on thermal pollution and chemical contamination of the Tigris River, the city\\\'s primary water source. Issues related to solid waste management, specifically the disposal of coal ash (where applicable) and fly ash and their potential for soil and groundwater contamination are also discussed. Furthermore, the present research quantifies the contribution of these plants to national greenhouse gas emissions, linking local operations to global climate change challenges and Iraq\\\'s particular vulnerability to its effects. The socio-economic burdens, including escalating healthcare costs and reduced quality of life, are analyzed in the context of the city\\\'s already stressed infrastructure. Finally, the paper evaluates a range of mitigation strategies and policy recommendations, from technological retrofits like flue-gas desulfurization and electrostatic precipitators to a strategic transition towards renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, and enhanced energy efficiency measures. The present study concludes that the environmental and health costs of Baghdad\\\'s current reliance on conventional thermal power are unsustainable and underscore the urgent need for a comprehensive, integrated energy and environmental policy to secure a healthier and more sustainable future for the city.