Hybrid Fuel - Solar Powered Bidirectional Charging System for Electric Vehicles

This study focuses on the development of an effective closed-loop control scheme for a bidirectional DC–DC converter employing a phase-shift controlled, high-frequency full-bridge resonant architecture. The converter's performance is analyzed under two different control approaches, namely proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control and sliding mode control (SMC). The transient and steady-state characteristics of the system are comparatively evaluated in terms of rise time, peak overshoot, settling duration, and steady-state regulation accuracy. A small-signal representation of the converter is derived to support controller synthesis and stability evaluation. The proposed converter topology and control methodologies are validated through MATLAB/Simulink-based simulations and experimental testing across multiple operating scenarios.