The growing challenge of autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review of etiology, diagnosis, and therapy in children

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. Its prevalence has increased significantly over the past decade, making it a major public health concern worldwide. Advances in genetics, neurobiology, environmental health, and behavioral sciences have substantially expanded understanding of its etiology, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic approaches. Growing evidence highlights the interaction of genetic susceptibility, epigenetic regulation, and environmental exposures in shaping early brain development and influencing clinical presentation. Early identification through standardized screening and comprehensive developmental assessment has improved access to timely intervention, which is critical during periods of heightened neuroplasticity in childhood. Contemporary management emphasizes multidisciplinary, individualized, and family-centered approaches, integrating behavioral therapies, speech and language interventions, occupational therapy, parent-mediated programs, and when necessary, pharmacological treatment for associated symptoms. Despite progress, disparities in diagnosis, access to services, and long-term outcomes persist across regions and socioeconomic groups. This comprehensive review synthesizes evidence from the last ten years regarding the multifactorial causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder, evolving diagnostic frameworks, and evidence-based therapeutic interventions in children, while underscoring the importance of early intervention, coordinated care systems, and sustained policy initiatives to address the growing global burden of this condition.