Carbon Sequestration in Mangrove Ecosystems — A Comprehensive Review

Abstract Mangrove forests are among the most carbon-dense ecosystems on Earth. They sequester carbon in living biomass and—crucially—in deep, anoxic sediments where decomposition is slow. Because much of mangrove ecosystem carbon is stored belowground, disturbances that expose sediments can release large amounts of greenhouse gases. This review synthesizes current understanding of sequestration mechanisms, the magnitude and spatial distribution of carbon stocks, measurement and monitoring approaches, emissions from mangrove loss, restoration potential and timelines, and policy implications for integrating mangroves into climate mitigation strategies. Key uncertainties and research priorities are identified. Keywords: Mangrove forests; mangrove plant species; biodiversity inventory; true mangroves and associates; species composition; Cambodia; coastal ecosystems; conservation priorities; floristic surveys; mangrove restoration