Male Androgenetic Alopecia - A Review of Current Treatments

Background Male androgenetic alopecia (MAA) is a progressive, patterned hair loss disorder influenced by genetics, androgens—particularly dihydrotestosterone (DHT)—follicular miniaturization, altered hair-cycle dynamics, and possible microinflammation. Aim To summarize current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of MAA, including established and emerging therapies. Materials and Methods A structured literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, employing keywords such as “male androgenetic alopecia,” “minoxidil,” “finasteride,” “PRP,” “LLLT,” “microneedling,” “exosomes,” and “hair transplantation.” English-language studies up to 2025, including original research and reviews, were included. Data were synthesized narratively. Results MAA prevalence increases with age and varies by ethnicity. Pathophysiology involves androgen-mediated follicular miniaturization, shortened anagen phase, and potential perifollicular microinflammation. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by trichoscopy and imaging. FDA-approved therapies—topical minoxidil and oral finasteride—slow progression and promote partial regrowth. Emerging pharmacologic and regenerative approaches, including PRP, LLLT, microneedling, exosomes, and nutraceuticals, show promising efficacy. Combination therapy, particularly pharmacologic plus procedural interventions, enhances outcomes without increasing adverse effects. Hair transplantation remains the definitive solution for advanced cases