Towards a GABAergic–Glutamatergic–Noradrenergic Dysregulation Disorder (GGNDD): A Neurobiological Framework for Anxiety

Traditional diagnostic categories for anxiety disorders primarily rely on de-scriptive phenomenology, which provides limited insight into underlying neurobi-ological mechanisms. Emerging evidence implicates dysregulation across GABAer-gic, glutamatergic, and noradrenergic systems as a central contributor to hyper-arousal, heightened threat perception, and autonomic dysregulation observed inanxiety disorders. This article proposes the theoretical construct of GABAer-gic–Glutamatergic–Noradrenergic Dysregulation Disorder (GGNDD), conceptual-ized as a systems-level instability in excitatory-inhibitory balance and stress-relatedneuromodulation across cortico-limbic circuits. Drawing on neurochemical, genetic,neuroimaging, and translational evidence, the GGNDD framework aims to integrateclassical neurotransmitter hypotheses with contemporary network and circuit-basedmodels of anxiety [1, 2, 3]. This model offers a mechanistic dimensional approachto guide biomarker development, personalized treatment strategies, and precisionpsychiatry interventions.