ГІБРИДНА ЛОКАЛІЗАЦІЯ ДЖЕРЕЛ БЕЗДРОТОВИХ СИГНАЛІВ У ПРИМІЩЕННЯХ КРИТИЧНОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ НА ОСНОВІ РАДІОКАРТИ ТА ЧАСОВИХ ВИМІРЮВАНЬ ДАЛЬНОСТІ

This paper proposes and experimentally validates a hybrid approach to determining the location of Wi-Fi signal sources in critical information infrastructure premises under complex radio conditions and with incomplete interaction with the target. The key practical problem of such environments lies in the instability of the received signal level due to multipath propagation, structural shielding, and variable interference, which causes drift in radio profiles and degradation of classical method accuracy. Limitations of standard ranging mechanisms (particularly FTM/RTT) are separately considered: they are primarily useful when the client actively participates in measurements during connection to the access point, whereas in passive reconnaissance, radio monitoring without active exchange, and device search without their participation, such reliance is insufficient or unsuitable. To overcome these limitations, a combination of the radio environment fingerprinting method (radio map) with periodic spatial anchoring using spatiotemporal features obtained through passive observation of Wi-Fi management frames is proposed. Procedures for constructing and updating the radio map, criteria for selecting reliable observations considering sensor geometry and obstacles, as well as an adaptive sensor weighting mechanism based on channel quality and profile stability indicators are proposed. The fusion of heterogeneous observations is formalized as probabilistic fusion, providing coordinate estimation together with a confidence measure suitable for zoning and SOC operational decisions. A template for an experimental validation protocol and a set of visualizations for comparison with signal strength trilateration and pure fingerprinting methods are provided, along with practical recommendations on sensor density, update frequency, and computational complexity of the approach. Keywords: Localization; Radio map; Drift; Multipath; Ranging; Zoning; Robustness; Sensors; Infrastructure; Anomalies; Attribution.