NETWORKING SECURITY THREATS AND ATTACKS

This paper presents a comprehensive review of networking security threats and attacks, highlighting the growing importance of protecting sensitive organizational data in modern interconnected environments. With the rapid expansion of information technology infrastructures and global data transmission, computer networks have become increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated cyber threats. The study systematically examines traditional and contemporary network attacks, including malware, phishing, denial-of-service (DoS/DDoS), man-in-the-middle attacks, password-based attacks, insider threats, zero-day vulnerabilities, and advanced persistent threats (APTs). It further distinguishes between passive and active attacks while analyzing their impact on data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The paper also reviews essential security mechanisms such as Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), firewalls, secure network design principles, authentication mechanisms, and protocol-based protections. Findings indicate that weak authentication processes, outdated systems, firewall misconfigurations, and user unawareness significantly contribute to successful cyber intrusions. The study emphasizes the importance of a multilayered security approach incorporating protection, detection, and response strategies to mitigate risks effectively. By consolidating existing research and identifying gaps in current security frameworks, this paper contributes valuable insights for researchers and organizations seeking to strengthen network defenses against evolving cyber threats.