Review on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Risk Determinants to Modern Therapeutic Strategies

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder considered by insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion, resultant in determined hyperglycemia. Its prevalence has increased rapidly worldwide, with a large proportion of cases remaining undiagnosed due to its asymptomatic nature in early stages. The risk of T2DM increases with age and is strongly influenced by genetic predisposition, environmental stress, unhealthy dietary habits, obesity, and impaired lipid metabolism. The disease pathogenesis involves insulin resistance, pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, and chronic hyperglycemia. Effective management of T2DM requires a comprehensive, patient-centred approach focusing on glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk reduction, weight management, and prevention of complications. Current treatment options include GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and insulin therapies, which together have improved glycaemic outcomes and overall quality of life in patients with T2DM.