MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF AN AUTOIMMUNE NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDER

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction characterized by fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness and abnormal fatigability. The condition is primarily caused by autoantibodies directed against postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors, and less commonly against muscle-specific kinase or related proteins, leading to impaired neuromuscular transmission. Clinically, MG presents with variable involvement of ocular, bulbar, limb, and respiratory muscles, with symptoms typically worsening on exertion and improving with rest. Diagnosis is established through clinical evaluation supported by serological testing, electrophysiological studies, and imaging of the thymus. Management includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressive therapy, thymectomy, and immunomodulatory treatments such as plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin. Recent advances in targeted immunotherapies have further improved disease control and patient outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies for myasthenia gravis, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and individualized treatment to enhance quality of life.