Technology Investment in Smart and Sustainable Agriculture towards Food Security

Abstract— Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative force across multiple sectors of the agriculture industry, enhancing both quality and quantity of agricultural yield. Artificial intelligence, integrated with IoT, encompasses soil preparation, cultivation, harvesting, and research-related activities, leading to sustainable productivity improvements. Agriculture automation has enhanced precision in farming operations including irrigation control, pesticide/weedicide/fertilizer management, crop growth monitoring, and environmental control in greenhouse and hydroponics systems. This chapter reviews IoT applications in crop farming, animal farming, farm monitoring and tracking, disease detection in plants and livestock, classification processes of agricultural foods, quality assessment of vegetables and fruits, and rearing activities. Climate-smart agriculture is examined and compared with traditional forms (Agriculture 1.0) regarding efficiency and waste reduction. The chapter discusses benefits, limitations, future directions, and potential development of intelligent farming technologies and IoT (AI-enhanced tools) to make farming more accessible, convenient, and precise, with reference to different countries and their agricultural advancements. Finally, the chapter acknowledges technological limitations and other factors affecting the growth of healthy farming systems. This chapter contributes to understanding AI-enabled IoT in transforming contemporary agriculture through data-driven insights and automation capabilities.