ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS: IMPLICATIONS FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS MANAGEMENT

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent joint inflammation, oxidative stress, and progressive cartilage destruction. Conventional therapies, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologics, provide symptomatic relief but are often associated with adverse effects and high costs. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward dietary interventions and functional foods as complementary approaches for RA management. Sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) are nutrient-dense and rich in bioactive compounds with promising health benefits. They provide essential fatty acids, proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals with demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The anti-inflammatory effects of sunflower seeds are primarily attributed to linoleic acid, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds that modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. In addition, vitamin E and selenium act as potent antioxidants by neutralizing reactive oxygen species, preventing lipid peroxidation, and enhancing endogenous defense systems, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. These mechanisms collectively contribute to reducing joint inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage, thereby supporting joint integrity. Emerging preclinical evidence highlights the therapeutic potential of sunflower seed extracts and oil in inflammatory conditions, though clinical trials in RA populations remain limited. Integrating sunflower seeds into the diet may offer a safe, accessible, and cost-effective adjunctive approach to current RA therapies. Future research should focus on standardized dosages, clinical validation, and the development of sunflower-based nutraceuticals or delivery systems to enhance bioavailability.