Sampling Methods

Abstract Sampling methods are fundamental to empirical research because they determine how well study findings can be generalized from a sample to a target population. This review examines the theoretical foundations and practical applications of sampling methods, with emphasis on probability and non-probability sampling, sampling frames, sampling units, and sample size determination. Strengths, limitations, and common sources of bias are discussed to guide researchers in selecting appropriate sampling strategies. Keywords: Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed-methods, exploratory, descriptive, or experimental designs