Education, Schooling, and Pedagogical Thoughts in the Turkestan Region during the Second Half of the 19th and the First Quarter of the 20th Century

This article analyzes the development of upbringing, schools, and pedagogical thought in the Turkestan region during the second half of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century from historical and scientific perspectives. It highlights how the socio-political, cultural, and economic conditions of this period influenced the formation of the education system, as well as the unique characteristics of local pedagogical thinking and educational approaches. The article provides a scientific basis for the activities of madrasas, public education institutes, and early primary schools, the structure of curricula, the unity of education and upbringing, and the importance of individual and collective upbringing in pedagogical processes. Additionally, it analyzes the school system introduced in Turkestan by the Russian Empire, modern pedagogical approaches, education in the mother tongue, and the influence of enlightener-scholars' views on the pedagogical process.