Generalized Carnot Efficiency and Escape Theory Derived from Non-Equilibrium Unified Theory
Abstract
We derive a generalized Carnot efficiency within a non-equilibrium unified framework, where energy conversion is governed by the growth of a driving complexity D. The escape of energy is naturally defined as the fraction of injected energy not converted into D. This formulation unifies the Carnot bound, irreversibility, and non-equilibrium processes into a single inequality. We further show that for the total system of the universe, the condition D = ε holds, implying zero escape even for processes such as pair annihilation.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Advanced Thermodynamic Systems and Engines
Complex Systems and Dynamics
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 3 March 2026
- Language
- EN
- Document type
- Preprint