Reproductive physiology of finfish and shellfish

Reproduction is the foundation of species continuity and a key determinant of sustainability in fisheries and aquaculture. Finfish and shellfish exhibit remarkable diversity in their reproductive strategies, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to different aquatic environments. This article provides an overview of the reproductive physiology of finfish and shellfish, highlighting key processes such as sexual patterns, gametogenesis, hormonal regulation, and environmental control of reproduction. In finfish, reproductive activity is primarily regulated by the brain–pituitary–gonadal axis, which integrates environmental cues like photoperiod and temperature to control gonadal development, spawning, and early life stages. In contrast, shellfish rely on decentralized neuroendocrine systems and are strongly influenced by environmental factors, nutrition, and energy reserves. The article also discusses how climate change and anthropogenic stressors are increasingly disrupting reproductive cycles, posing challenges to natural populations and aquaculture production. By simplifying complex physiological concepts, this article aims to enhance understanding of reproductive mechanisms in finfish and shellfish and emphasize their importance for effective broodstock management, seed production, and sustainable fisheries development.