Scoping Review Protocol: Reporting and Conceptualisation of Race and Ethnicity in Clinical Prediction Models Following the TRIPOD(+AI) Reporting Guidelines: A Scoping Review

This is a scoping review protocol for Reporting and Conceptualisation of Race and Ethnicity in Clinical Prediction Models Following the TRIPOD(+AI) Reporting Guidelines: A Scoping Review Clinical prediction models are increasingly used to support clinical decision-making. Reporting guidelines such as TRIPOD and TRIPOD+AI aim to improve transparency and reproducibility in prediction modelling. While prior research has evaluated adherence to reporting guidelines in selected research areas, there has been no comprehensive review examining how race and ethnicity are defined, operationalised, and reported within prediction models that engage with these guidelines. Race and ethnicity are complex constructs that may function as demographic descriptors, proxies for social determinants, or presumed biological risk factors. Inconsistent or poorly justified operationalisation may affect transparency, generalisability, and equity considerations. Furthermore, little is known about how researchers discuss these variables, including whether uncertainty, bias, fairness, or limitations are acknowledged. This scoping review aims to map current reporting practices and discursive framing of race and ethnicity in prediction modelling to understand how these constructs are represented within transparency-oriented publishing practices.