Comparison of Surgical Success and Functional Outcomes in Patients with Oral and Maxillofacial Soft Tissue Defects Undergoing Free Microvascular Flap Reconstruction Versus Primary Closure, Skin Grafts, and Pedicled Flaps: A Retrospective Observational Study

Background Soft tissue reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects is critical for restoring speech, mastication, swallowing, facial contour, and overall quality of life following oncologic resection, trauma, or infection. Multiple reconstructive options are available, ranging from primary closure to microvascular free tissue transfer. Appropriate technique selection remains essential for optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes. Objective To compare the clinical success and outcomes of different soft tissue reconstruction techniques used in oral and maxillofacial defects. Materials and Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted on 25 patients aged ≥18 years who underwent soft tissue reconstruction. Techniques evaluated included primary closure, skin grafts, local flaps, regional pedicled flaps, and microvascular free flaps. All patients had a minimum follow-up of six months. Outcome measures included flap or graft survival, wound healing, postoperative complications, functional restoration (speech, swallowing, mastication), aesthetic outcome, and donor site morbidity.