Fusarium Wilt of Sugarcane in Lower Sindh, Spatial Risk Mapping, and Integrated Disease Management a Review

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a globally important crop that contributes nearly 85% of the world’s sugar and supports numerous industries through its byproducts. In Pakistan, it is the second-largest cash crop, but its productivity is frequently constrained by diseases, among which Fusarium wilt, caused mainly by Fusarium sacchari, is a major threat. This disease reduces germination, tillering, cane yield, and juice quality, with losses reported up to 65%, making it second only to red rot in economic importance. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the prevalence, symptoms, and yield impacts of Fusarium wilt, with a focus on South Sindh. Disease expression is most severe during monsoon and post-monsoon periods, and its soil- and sett-borne nature complicates control. While chemical fungicides such as carbendazim and difenoconazole provide partial suppression, they are not sustainable as stand-alone solutions. Alternative approaches, including biological control with Trichoderma spp., use of plant extracts, and micronutrient amendments, offer eco-friendly options but show variable field efficacy. The most effective strategy lies in Integrated Disease Management (IDM), combining resistant varieties, clean seed systems, cultural sanitation, sett treatment, biocontrol agents, and soil health improvements. Mapping disease prevalence and identifying risk factors in South Sindh can guide localized interventions. Ensuring access to clean seed, strengthening extension services, and promoting farmer adoption of IDM are essential for reducing losses, stabilizing yields, and supporting the long-term sustainability of the sugarcane industry.