Urban Waste Management in India: Challenges, Policy Framework, and Sustainable Strategies for the Future

Abstract: Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and changing consumption patterns have significantly increased municipal solid waste generation in India. Urban local bodies face severe challenges in managing waste efficiently due to inadequate infrastructure, financial constraints, weak governance, and lack of public participation. This research article examines the current status of urban waste management in India, identifies major challenges, evaluates policy interventions, and proposes sustainable strategies for improvement. The study adopts a descriptive analytical approach using secondary data from government reports, academic literature, and policy documents. The findings reveal that despite policy initiatives such as the Solid Waste Management Rules (2016) and the Swachh Bharat Mission, significant gaps remain in waste segregation, treatment capacity, and institutional coordination. The article concludes that integrated waste management approaches combining technological innovation, community participation, decentralized systems, and stronger governance mechanisms are essential for sustainable urban development in India.