PERI-IMPLANT DISEASES: PATHOGENESIS, EARLY DIAGNOSIS, AND MODERN TREATMENT APPROACHES

Peri-implant diseases are inflammatory conditions affecting the soft and hard tissues surrounding dental implants and represent one of the major challenges in modern implant dentistry. With the increasing use of dental implants worldwide, the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis has risen significantly, threatening long-term implant survival. These conditions are primarily biofilm-induced and influenced by host immune response and systemic risk factors. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial to prevent progressive bone loss and implant failure. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis of peri-implant diseases, modern diagnostic approaches, and contemporary treatment strategies, including nonsurgical, surgical, and regenerative therapies. Emphasis is placed on early detection, risk assessment, and individualized treatment planning to improve clinical outcomes