TREATMENT METHODS AND MEANS: PHYTO, PHYSIO, PSYCHOTHERAPY

Abstract: Traditional treatment methods in folk and ethnomedicine encompass a diverse range of therapeutic approaches that have been practiced across cultures for centuries. Phytotherapy, the use of medicinal plants and botanical extracts to prevent or treat diseases, remains a central component of traditional health systems. It includes herbal remedies with bioactive compounds that may support wound healing, pain relief and symptom management in various condition. In addition to plant treatments, animal-derived remedies are documented in ethnomedicine, with products sourced from mammals, birds and other species. Such practices, known as zootherapy, highlight the cultural and biological significance of animal based medicinal resources, though they raise ecological and conservation concerns. Physiotherapy and Psychotherapy are integrated in many traditional health systems as holistic means of promoting recovery and wellbeing. Folk traumatology and traditional surgical techniques further illustrate indigenous methods for managing injuries and physical disorder, indicating the broad scope of non-conventional treatment strategies. Collectively, these methods underscore the value of integrating ethnomedical insights with evidence-based research to enhance understanding of their efficacy, safety and cultural relevance. Keywords: phytotherapy, zootherapy, physiotherapy, psychotherapy, folk medicine, ethnomedicine, traditional treatment.