A Review of the Latest Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring

A broad range of diseases commonly referred to as "cancer" can develop in almost every organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells proliferate out of control, cross their normal boundaries, infiltrate neighbouring tissues, or spread to other organs. In 2018, cancer was predicted to be the second most common cause of death worldwide, accounting for 9.6 million deaths, or one out of every six fatalities. A trait that may be used to predict a patient's risk of getting cancer or how that cancer will turn out is called a cancer biomarker. At the molecular and cellular level, a variety of biomarkers can be employed. This review paper describes a range of biomarkers that can be used for cancer diagnosis and detection, including gene-based biomarkers (RNAseq, scRNAseq, and spatial transcriptomics), cell imaging-based diagnosis (needle biopsy and CTC), tissue imaging-based diagnosis (IHC), imaging-based diagnosis (CT, SPECT, MRI, and PET), and blood-based biomarkers (proteins, genes, mRNA, and peptides).