Ice Avalanche Database from 1941 to 2022 and Seismic Records within 300 km of the Epicenter in the Preceding Year

To explore the temporal relationship between earthquakes and IAs, we compiled a global dataset integrating both IA and seismic records. IA events were sourced from published literature and open-access repositories, particularly the Tibetan Plateau Data Center (TPDC; Zhang & Wang, 2022). To isolate glacier-only dynamics, rock–ice avalanche events were excluded, yielding 169 IAs in total. For each IA, we identified potential triggering earthquakes occurring within a 300 km radius and up to one year prior to the event. Seismic data were obtained from the USGS earthquake catalog. Given the high strain-rate sensitivity of ice compared to typical geotechnical materials (Peng et al., 2025), we adopted a lower magnitude threshold of ≥3.0, in contrast to the more conventional ≥4.0 used in previous landslide studies. Applying these criteria, 85 earthquakes were identified, meaning that at least 84 IAs showed no immediate seismic association. Among the IA–earthquake pairs, only 9 events occurred on the same day as the associated earthquake, while the remaining 76 were delayed by weeks to months.