National security: analysis of contemporary military discourses and practices in Europe. The case of main EU countries (1993-2025)

Studying current military discourse is not a complement to the history of security, but rather a method for tracking how the limits of what is permissible (use of force, exceptionality, cooperation, deterrence) are established and how they are enshrined in specific institutions and policies at a given time and place. More specifically, the objective of this research is to analyze, from a comparative and historical perspective (1993-2025), the evolution of national security discourses and contemporary military practices in three European Union countries, identifying continuities and ruptures, as well as the geopolitical and institutional factors that explain their transformations and their implications for defense and security policies in Europe. Methodologically, documentary research and comparative history were used within the conceptual framework of critical geopolitics. The results obtained allow us to conclude that, if the European bloc truly believes that controversy over the world order also exists in the realm of interpretive frameworks of reality (such as disinformation and its geopolitical aspect), it can develop more astute political communication responses that do not confuse defense with the complete militarization of public life.