What are the differences in pain levels reported by patients between the Z-track injection technique and the standard intramuscular injection technique in the gluteus?
Abstract
While the Z-track technique may potentially reduce pain levels compared to standard intramuscular injections in some instances, the current evidence is mixed and insufficient to definitively conclude its advantages regarding pain reduction.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Intramuscular injections and effects
Anesthesia and Pain Management
Pain Management and Opioid Use
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 4 March 2026
- Language
- EN