PUMPKIN SEEDS (CUCURBITA PEPO) AS A POTENT NUTRACEUTICAL FOR CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD): AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW FROM PEDIATRIC NEURO-DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder defined by persistent inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, which impair academic, social, and emotional functioning. Although pharmacological treatments such as stimulants and atomoxetine are effective, long-term use often leads to adverse effects along with adherence challenges. Concerns about neurodevelopmental safety have also emerged. As a result, interest is growing in complementary nutritional strategies and functional foods to support neurocognitive health safely. Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo) are a nutrient-dense nutraceutical containing zinc, magnesium, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, tryptophan, phytosterols, tocopherols, and polyphenols. These micronutrients and bioactive compounds help modulate neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, oxidative balance, sleep, and immune function. Evidence shows that children with ADHD frequently have deficiencies in zinc, magnesium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids, which correlate with symptom severity and treatment response. Ayurveda relates ADHD to conditions such as Vata-dominant Manasika Vikara, Dhee-Dhriti-Smriti Vibhramsha, and Rajas-Tamas prakopa, all involving impaired cognition, self-control, and behaviour. Pumpkin seeds are considered to enhance cognition, promote nourishment and strength, and support vitality due to their healthy fats, nutrients, and antioxidants. This review integrates biomedical evidence and Ayurvedic perspectives to assess the rationale, mechanisms, safety, dosage, and practical use of pumpkin seeds as an adjunct nutraceutical for pediatric ADHD.