Biofloc Fish Culture Technology: A Comprehensive Technical Review

Biofloc Technology (BFT) is an advanced, zero- or minimal-water exchange aquaculture system designed to improve nutrient utilization efficiency, enhance biosecurity, and increase production intensity. The system is based on in situ microbial biomass development through carbon supplementation and nitrogen assimilation. This review synthesizes global research findings on biofloc fish culture, including historical evolution, microbiological mechanisms, system components, water quality dynamics, production performance, nutritional contributions, economic feasibility, environmental sustainability, and future prospects. Emphasis is placed on nitrogen cycling, carbon–nitrogen (C:N) ratio management, microbial ecology, solids control, aeration engineering, and species suitability. The review integrates experimental and field-based findings and presents consolidated tables and schematic illustrations for technical reference. Keywords: Biofloc technology, intensive aquaculture, nitrogen recycling, heterotrophic bacteria, C:N ratio, microbial protein, sustainable fish farming.