An Efficient Pipelined and Stage-Folded Architectures for High-Performance Polar Encoding-Decoding Systems

This paper presents an efficient review of pipelined and stage-folded hardware architectures for highperformance polar encoding–decoding systems, emphasizing their role in achieving high throughput, low latency, and hardware efficiency. Pipelined architectures enhance processing speed by enabling concurrent operation of multiple encoding and decoding stages, while stage-folded designs reduce hardware complexity through effective reuse of processing elements. The combined use of these architectural techniques allows a favorable balance between throughput, area, and power consumption, making them suitable for realtime communication applications. The study discusses key design considerations, performance trade-offs, and implementation aspects on FPGA and ASIC platforms, highlighting their relevance for modern wireless standards such as 5G and beyond.