Literature Review on the Use of Global Fuzzy Numbers in Occupational Health and Safety Risk Assessment Processes

Occupational health and safety (OHS) is a critical component of workplace management aimed at protecting employees and preventing accidents and occupational diseases. Traditional risk assessment methods, such as the 5×5 Matrix, Fine-Kinney, and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, often face limitations in capturing uncertainty and expert hesitation. To address these challenges, fuzzy logic-based approaches, particularly Spherical Fuzzy Sets (SFSs), have been introduced. SFSs allow decision-makers to independently define membership, non-membership, and hesitancy degrees, providing a more comprehensive representation of uncertainty in risk assessment processes. This study reviews the theoretical foundations of OHS, risk assessment methods, fuzzy logic, and SFSs, highlighting their integration in occupational risk management. The findings suggest that SFS-based hybrid models can significantly improve decision-making in OHS by accommodating subjective judgments and multidimensional risk factors.