RECENT ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS: MECHANISM, THERAPY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The global prevalence of diabetes has increased dramatically in recent decades, making it one of the most significant public health challenges worldwide. Pharmacological management plays a crucial role in controlling blood glucose levels and preventing complications associated with the disease. Traditional antidiabetic drugs such as insulin, sulfonylureas, and biguanides have been widely used for decades. However, recent advances in pharmacotherapy have introduced several novel classes of drugs including DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and dual agonists targeting multiple metabolic pathways. These therapies offer improved glycemic control with reduced risk of hypoglycemia and additional cardiovascular benefits. This review highlights the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, mechanisms of action of various pharmacological agents, recent advancements in antidiabetic drug therapy, and future perspectives for improved management of the disease. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, antidiabetic drugs, insulin resistance, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, pharmacotherapy.