Eco-Clean: A QR Code-Enabled Behavioural Framework for Sustainable Waste Disposal in the Campus

The rapid growth of plastic consumption has intensified environmental degradation, particularly through the improper disposal of single-use plastic bottles. While technological innovations such as IoT-enabled smart bins and automated waste sorting systems exist, their high implementation costs limit widespread adoption, particularly in educational institutions and developing urban settings. This study proposes Eco-Clean, a low-cost, QR code–enabled behavioural monitoring framework designed to encourage responsible plastic bottle disposal through digital accountability and participatory verification. The system integrates QR codes affixed to designated waste bins, image-based disposal verification via cloud-hosted forms, and centralized data aggregation for behavioural analysis. A controlled four-week pilot implementation in an institutional setting was conducted to assess participation rates, disposal accuracy, behavioural shifts, and system feasibility. Statistical analysis indicates a measurable increase in responsible disposal behaviour following system deployment. The proposed framework demonstrates scalability, minimal infrastructure requirements, and potential integration into broader sustainability initiatives. The findings suggest that digital accountability mechanisms can significantly enhance environmental engagement at the community level.