DoV = λαg The Generalized Density of Value Identity: Surface Productivity Across All Eddington Regimes

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Authors: Sapto Handono
Cited by: 0

Abstract

The identity is verified across six systems spanning eighteen orders of magnitude in λ, from Sgr A* (λ ≈ 1.85 × 10⁻⁸) to ULX-regime black holes (λ ≈ 500), with 100% match and zero free parameters. We further demonstrate that the linear scaling is exact by algebraic necessity for black holes — not an approximation — because A_eh scales with M² while L_Edd scales with M, making λ the sole variable. We also compute the aggregate DoV of all accreting supermassive black holes in the observable universe and find it consistent with the generalized identity at cosmological scale. Two open questions remain: the validity of the Schwarzschild denominator for neutron star ULXs, and the existence of analogous λ-efficiency structure in non-gravitational productive domains.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations Galaxies: Formation Evolution Phenomena Black Holes and Theoretical Physics

Publication details

Journal / source
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Publication date
9 March 2026
Language
EN
Document type
Preprint