Green Computing: An Overview of Energy-Efficient and Sustainable IT Systems

Green computing focuses on making information technology more environmentally friendly by designing, developing, and operating computing systems that consume minimal energy and generate minimal environmental impact. The concept emphasizes energy-efficient hardware, optimized software, sustainable networks, and responsible disposal of electronic waste. Recent research highlights significant efforts toward adopting green computing practices across multiple sectors. Studies examining various industries identify current trends, challenges, and future opportunities in sustainable computing. The primary objective of green computing is to support researchers, organizations, industries, governments, and environmental agencies in reducing carbon emissions and energy consumption. This study provides a comprehensive overview of green computing concepts, highlights key research areas, and identifies gaps that offer scope for future innovation.