Harmonic Structure in Atomic Emission Spectra and a Two-Parameter Theory of Frequency Relationships
Abstract
We report a two-parameter formula (the Gemini formula) that predicts the strongest emission wavelength of d-block elements with one outer s-electron to 2.0% mean error across 11 elements. The formula introduces a new np-orbital screening parameter (f_p = 0.910) motivated by the angular momentum dependence of orbital penetration and confirmed by two independent empirical boundary conditions. The central empirical finding is that silver's strongest emission line is one octave above hydrogen's Balmer-alpha to within 0.02%.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma
X-ray Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Analysis
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 10 March 2026
- Language
- EN
- Document type
- Preprint